The long tale of


Varna History

Varna, Bulgaria's "Sea Capital," is one of Europe's oldest cities, founded in the 6th century BCE by Greek settlers as Odessos. It thrived as a key trade and cultural hub on the Black Sea. Under Roman rule, it became a vital administrative and economic center. In the Middle Ages, it changed hands between the Byzantine and Bulgarian Empires. In 1444, it was the site of the pivotal Battle of Varna, where Ottoman forces defeated a European crusade. During Ottoman rule, it developed as a regional port city. Today, Varna is renowned for its rich history, vibrant culture, and seaside charm.

Before the city of Varna

But human civilization in the Varna area dates much further back than 6th century BCE. The Varna Goldsmith period, dating back to around 4600–4200 BCE, represents one of the earliest known civilizations in Europe. Centered around the Varna Necropolis, discovered in 1972, it revealed a remarkable prehistoric culture in Bulgaria. The burial site contained the world's oldest processed gold artifacts, including intricate jewelry, ceremonial objects, and tools, showcasing advanced craftsmanship and social organization. These treasures indicate a hierarchical society with religious and trade networks. The Varna goldsmiths excelled in metallurgy, reflecting the sophistication of the Chalcolithic (Copper Age). This period highlights Varna's role as a cultural and technological beacon in ancient European prehistory.


1444 a defining year for both Europe and the Ottoman Empire

The Battle of Varna took place on November 10, 1444, near Varna, Bulgaria, during the Crusade of Varna. It pitted the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Murad II, against a Christian coalition of Polish, Hungarian, Czech, and Wallachian forces under King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary and military commander John Hunyadi. The crusaders sought to halt Ottoman expansion into Europe but were decisively defeated. King Władysław was killed, earning him the nickname "Władysław of Varna." The battle marked a turning point, solidifying Ottoman dominance in the Balkans and ending major Christian crusades in the region for decades.


Varna during the last 150 years

Sea garden and beach promenade

Modern-day Varna’s history since Bulgaria's formation in 1878 reflects its transformation into a dynamic cultural, economic, and maritime center. After the Treaty of Berlin (1878) re-established Bulgaria as an autonomous principality, Varna quickly became a focal point for modernization. The city emerged as a key Black Sea port, boosting trade and connecting Bulgaria with international markets. Infrastructure improvements, including railways and modern urban planning, further enhanced its role as a commercial and logistical hub.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Varna developed as a cultural center, hosting theaters, schools, and museums. The Sea Garden, a vast park and symbol of the city, was established in the early 20th century, enriching Varna's reputation as a seaside resort.

World War I and II brought challenges, as Bulgaria’s shifting alliances affected the city’s development. After World War II, during the communist era, Varna (renamed Stalin from 1949 to 1956) underwent rapid industrialization. Shipbuilding, chemical production, and trade thrived, and Varna solidified its position as Bulgaria’s “Sea Capital.” Tourism blossomed, with the establishment of nearby resorts like Golden Sands and Albena, attracting visitors from across Eastern Europe.

Following Bulgaria's transition to democracy in 1989, Varna embraced a market economy, focusing on tourism, real estate, and technology. As a NATO and EU member, Bulgaria’s ties with Europe strengthened Varna’s position as a regional maritime gateway.

Today, Varna blends its rich history with modern urban life. Its vibrant cultural scene, universities, and festivals make it a hub for innovation and creativity. As Bulgaria's primary port and a tourist magnet, Varna continues to thrive, bridging tradition and progress along the Black Sea coast.